Child Abuse And Domestic Abuse - 1636 Words

Adolescence, the stage in life that while not yet adults they are not quite children either. A factor that creates violent and aggressive adolescents includes being exposed to child abuse and domestic abuse. Moylan, T. Herrenkohl, Sousa, Tajima, R. Herrenkohl, and Russo (2010) look at the relationship between those who were exposed to either child abuse, domestic abuse, or both and the outcome of aggressive adolescents. Families were first assessed when children were in preschool, eighteen months to six years old. The second data collection occurred when the children were eight to eleven years old. The final assessment occurred when the children were fourteen to twenty three years old. Assessments included searching official records of abuse cases, the mother’s statements as to the discipline used during the time of childhood, and how the adolescents look back and view the discipline their mother gave them. It was concluded that adolescents that were exposed to either child ab use, domestic abuse, or both had higher rates of behavioral problems such as internalizing or externalizing aggression. Rates were even higher when adolescents were exposed to a combination of abuse. This study provides evidence that even at an older age of adolescence exposure to domestic and child abuse can do everlasting harm, social service systems could use studies like this one to implement more coping groups for those children that came from environments of aggression as stated in the article.Show MoreRelatedChild Abuse Or Domestic Abuse1797 Words   |  8 PagesINTRODUCTION When you think of abuse you automatically begin to think of child abuse or domestic abuse but rarely is the first thought in your mind elder abuse. Often overlooked, elder abuse is a pressing issue surrounding nursing care for older adults. Unfortunately, many cases of elder abuse are not identified and sometimes they are identified much too late. Geriatric abuse can come in many forms which include physical, emotional, psychological, sexual, and even financial abuse. Nurses need to be ableRead MoreDomestic Violence And Child Abuse Essay1311 Words   |  6 PagesI chose to do my research on domestic violence and child abuse for many different reasons. As a young woman and hopefully a future mother, I wanted to be well educated on domestic violence and child abuse so that I can hopefully prevent these from happening to me of my future children. By researching domestic violence and child abuse I was able to learn about warning signs, as well as other useful information regarding these topics, such as where to seek help. Also, as someone who wants to be a teacherRead MoreDomestic Violence And Child Abuse962 Words   |  4 PagesUnfortunately, seven years have now passed and Aaron now has a domestic violence (DV) criminal case pending as well as a possible child abuse case for the abuse of his son. It seems that Aaron has been having a lot of problem lately with the law as well as personal. However, those problem didn’t just start because as a child he had two adjudications of delinquency and served six months in a juvenile detention center for his actions. Yet, he did not learn his lesson from his younger actions and hasRead MoreDomestic Violence And Child Abuse1186 Words   |  5 PagesDomestic violence is the physical, mental, emotional, and/or sexual assault, and/or other abusive behavior as part of a systematic pattern of power. A form of domestic violence is child abuse. According to Child Protective Services, each year more than three million reports of child abuse are made in the United States which involves more than six million victims. Cases can involve more than one child. Groups who are generally targeted are young females under the age of eighteen who are seen as vulnerableRead MoreManifestations Of Abuse: The Link Between Animal Cruelty, Domestic Violence and Child Abuse1767 Words   |  7 PagesManifestations Of Abuse: The Link Between Animal Cruelty, Domestic Violence and Child Abuse Idiosyncratic acts of animal cruelty toward a family pet are rare. Most often, this type of behavior is part of a pattern that indicates comorbid problems are present in the family system (DeGue DiLillo, 2009). Consequently, a large body of research has been dedicated to studying the components within these types of households (Ascione, 2001). Findings indicate that the abuse of animals and the abuse of childrenRead MoreDomestic Violence VS Animal Cruelty and Child Abuse1665 Words   |  7 Pagesstate should assist in seeking a greater protection for not only animals but human companions as well. In theory, there are a variety of reasons why people abuse animals. Animal cruelty covers a wide range of actions that can initially be broken down into two main categories; passive and active cruelty. The first is acts of omission, meaning abuse from lack of action to take care of their animals. Passive cruelty can be referred to cases of neglect of animals. Some examples of neglect are starvationRead MoreA Nurse s Role On Abuse : Child, Domestic And Elder2184 Words   |  9 PagesRole in Abuse: Child, Domestic and Elder In the healthcare field, nurses play a vital role in identifying and reporting suspected cases of abuse. Because nurses are the first to see patients and their families and they often spend the most time with them, nurses have more opportunity to suspect or identify abuse. Due to this fact, nurses need to be prepared clinically to address all forms of abuse. There are three forms of abuse that nurses may encounter, including child abuse, domestic violenceRead MoreChild Abuse And Domestic Violence : Prevalence, Explanations, And Practice Implications Essay1239 Words   |  5 PagesJournal Articles Summary Article #1: Child Abuse in the Context of Domestic Violence: Prevalence, Explanations, and Practice Implications The journal article Child Abuse in the Context of Domestic Violence: Prevalence, Explanations, and Practice Implications, addresses three critical components in regards to child abuse resulting from domestic violence. The first component focuses on how often child abuse occurs in relation to domestically violent families. The second component of the journal articleRead MoreThe Legal And Professional Issues Related Disorders, Domestic Violence And Child Abuse1290 Words   |  6 Pagesculturally diverse, therapeutic approaches of psychodynamic, Bowen, Structural, Solution-Focused and Narrative Family Therapies, the ethical, legal and professional issues in family therapy and working with substance related disorders, domestic violence and child abuse. Multiculturalism is a term used â€Å"to refer to distinct cultural groups within a region or nation and their needs† (p. 55). In providing family therapy to culturally diverse families, it is essential for one to develop â€Å"o penness to diversityRead MoreDomestic Abuse Essay1497 Words   |  6 PagesChild and domestic abuse is a serious matter which needs to have additional focus, especially in this day and age. Abuse is most often causes harm to others. Abuse may either be verbal, emotional, or physical or times all three. In today’s society there are many different types of abuse including, physical, sexual, emotional, psychological, and neglect. All these types of abuse can affect people in multiple different ways, creating anywhere from short term to long term notable effects in the person

Leadership and Communication Management - 1261 Words

Leadership and Communication Management We all know how the computer system works: Without the talented operator or appropriate software, even if it is equipped with the most advanced hardware, the computer itself will not achieve any results. If we compare the computer system as Enterprise, leadership is the operator and communication management is one of the most efficient software. When these two important elements combine in a cohesive manner, the Enterprise should expect the best performance. R Inc. is a leading third party logistics company. It offers freight transportation logistics, outsource solutions, produce sourcing, and information services among many other services. As an employee with five years of service,†¦show more content†¦With poor communication management, leaders could deliver improper information which will impact negatively on employee decisions. Undoubtedly, as a return, the decision could negatively affect the business. To connect employee’s decision tightly toward company ’s strategy, it requires leadership to manage the communication system in the right manner. Here is one negative example that could prove my point: In my old branch, information wasn’t shared well on a regular basis. Sometimes, we were given two or three conflicting instructions from different team leads on the same task. Because the communication from leadership wasn’t well managed, we would decide individually on what we thought we were told to do or what we thought that was the easiest and best way to do. Will our decisions fit the company’s strategy or benefit the best? We did not know, we were not empowered with the vision, and we could not tell whether the decision we just made was right for the company. If leadership had managed the communication, employees could have followed the vision and made the proper decision for the company. When all of these employees’ decisions are added together, it will decide the future of the company. With or w ithout communication management from leadership to help those decisions be determined will make a big difference in the company’s future. Thirdly, Leadership has the greatest influence inside the company, and withShow MoreRelatedLeadership, Management And Communication Skills1683 Words   |  7 PagesUniversity and Kaitlyn attends Seaman High School. 5. EDUCATION/SKILLS/BACKGROUND: I graduated from Nemaha Valley High School in Seneca, Kansas. Beyond high school, my education has been learned from on the job experience. I have leadership, management and communication skills. In addition, I have the abilities to multi-task, problem solve, listen attentively, and teach effectively. I began my career with the State of Kansas in August of 1985 as a Clerk Typist II with the Kansas State Board ofRead MoreHow Communication Impact Leadership And The Decision Making Process Of Management1130 Words   |  5 Pages1. Leadership and decision-making, involves knowing how to communicate with the all elements of an organization. This includes employees, managers, and customers. Communication is transmitting information and establishing common meanings (Denhardt, Denhardt, Aristigueta 2013). Each element of management may require a different style of communication. Leaders must be able to adapt communication techniques based on the groups they are communicating with and decisions that affect them (Hatch CunliffeRead MoreLeadership And Collaborating Skills Multi Task Management Communication Proficiency890 Words   |  4 Pagesinterpersonal skills, maximizing work practices, applying creative and innovative skills, and meeting deadlines. 12+ Years Administrative Experience †¢ Multiple Executive/Team Support †¢ Confidentiality Demonstrated Leadership and Collaborating Skills †¢ Multi-Task Management †¢ Communication Proficiency Very Strong Planning, Prioritizing and Organizational Skills †¢ Excellent Interpersonal Skills Strong Technology Knowldege †¢ Excellent Follow-up and Decision-Making Ability PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE KIMBERLY-CLARKRead MoreAtT Project Management Center of Excellence Communications Leader Promotes Project Management Leadership3470 Words   |  14 PagesUNIVERSITY ANTIPOLO CAMPUS A BUSINESS CASE STUDY ATT PROJECT MANAGEMENT CENTER OF EXCELLENCE Communications Leader Promotes Project Management Leadership Submitted to: Dr, Marmelo V. Abante - CCS Dept. Head / Project Management Professor - Submitted by: Brioso, John Oliver P. - Student - ATT PROJECT MANAGEMENT CENTER OF EXCELLENCE Communications Leader Promotes Project Management Leadership INTRODUCTION As a world leader in communication technology, ATT connects people from all around the globeRead MoreAtT Project Management Center of Excellence Communications Leader Promotes Project Management Leadership3459 Words   |  14 PagesCAMPUS A BUSINESS CASE STUDY ATT PROJECT MANAGEMENT CENTER OF EXCELLENCE Communications Leader Promotes Project Management Leadership Submitted to: Dr, Marmelo V. Abante - CCS Dept. Head / Project Management Professor - Submitted by: Brioso, John Oliver P. - Student - ATT PROJECT MANAGEMENT CENTER OF EXCELLENCE Communications Leader Promotes Project Management Leadership INTRODUCTION As a world leader in communication technology, ATT connects people from all aroundRead MoreOrganizational Leadership, Communication, And Employee Motivation And Team Management Using Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award Essay2052 Words   |  9 Pagesarea, and describe the consulting strategy that would be most effective in addressing following area of organizational leadership, conflict, communication, ethics, and employee motivation and team management. Implementing Block (2011) eight strategies to determine in this project as to how I will use them in this consulting project which are: sound leadership, good communication, a positive organizational culture, a sound rewards and recognition system, an opportunity for professional and personalRead MoreCommunication Is The Lifeline Of Any Business1318 Words   |  6 PagesCommunication is the lifeline of any business. Mention why is communication important from the perspective of an organisation and how can a failure in communica tion impact the organisation? (1200-1500 words) In the name of Allah, the most merciful, the most beneficent. Leadership is the art of directing individuals and workers towards a proverbial point C in the distance. The success of reaching the destination is highly contingent upon the ability of leadership to communicate. As Muslims, weRead MoreEssay on Leadership vs. Management1274 Words   |  6 Pageson the meaning of leadership and management, also which view is the most relevant to the Tourism Industry. In order to answer those question, it is necessary define the two terms providing evidences and arguments from different authors about the characteristics, roles, similarities and difference. In conclusion after looking all the different points of view, the importance of each view will be evaluated in the context of Airline and Airport Industry. The leadership and management are often used interchangeablyRead MoreThe Importance Of Employee Relationship Management?1356 Words   |  6 Pagesdifferences within the work place. This paper will discuss the importance of employee relationsh ip management by reviewing relevant literature and will highlight certain areas such as communications and leadership styles. This will help determine the best strategies to decrease the amount of turnovers in employment as well as retaining workers in a hospitality organisation. Employee relationship management is a term that covers a broad range of topics on the behaviour and interaction in the work placeRead MoreThe Success Of A Business Or Organization Is Dependent On The Quality Of Leadership Within The Organization1581 Words   |  7 Pagesdependent on the quality of leadership within the organization. Leadership, defined as the action or leading/guiding a group of people or organization. The foundation of leadership is communication, an effective leader shows guidance, assigns tasks, through effective and clear communication. There are many differing leadership styles that involve different communication styles, resulting in differing levels of management/employee communication integration. Classical management theory is typified by a

Study of Hematology and Blood Free Essays

string(50) " can be converted to SI units by diving into 100\." INTRODUCTION Blood is a red syrupy fluid that is thicker than water. It carries out the important functions of transporting oxygen and getting rid of carbon-dioxide and other waste products as well as transporting nutrients to our cells. And it also plays a crucial function in immune system and in maintaining a relatively constant body temperature. We will write a custom essay sample on Study of Hematology and Blood or any similar topic only for you Order Now Blood is a tissue that is composed of many different kinds of components. Blood is composed of cells, cellular fragments and fluid. And these are red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets and plasma. http://www.ich.ucl.ac.uk/factsheets/families/F030004/ Red blood cells (erythrocytes) are cells with no nuclei. They appear relatively large under microscope. These cells are similar to the primitive prokaryotic cells of bacteria. Red blood cells transport oxygen from the lungs to all of the living tissues of the body and carry away carbon-dioxide. ‘’The red blood cells are produced continuously in the bone marrow from stem cells at a rate of about 2-3 million cells per second’’ (O’Neil, 2007). White blood cells (leucocytes) are much larger than red blood cells, but it is able to change its shape so it can squeeze through little gaps. White blood cells contain nucleus and has colourless cytoplasm. They are involved in protection from bacteria, fungi, parasites and viruses. These cells are formed in the white bone marrow of the long bones. White blood cells have five types (each cell has a task in helping the body fight infections): Granulocytes: Neutrophils (engulf bacteria) Eosinophils (antihistamine properties) Basophils (produce histamine and heparin) Agranulocytes: Monocytes (engulf bacteria) Lymphocytes (produce antibodies) (Fullick, A., 1994, p.142) Platelets (thrombocytes) are cell parts with no nuclei. It releases blood clotting chemicals at the site of wounds. Platelets are fragments of a larger cell called megakaryocyte, which stays in the bone marrow after it differentiates and matures from the stem cell. The platelets circulate body after leaving the bone marrow. Platelets contain high concentrations of 5-Ht (G-protein linked receptors), which is not synthesized inside the platelets but is actively absorbed from the circulation by specific uptake mechanisms. 5-HT is stored in secretor granules and discharged during platelet aggregation in reaction to endothelial damage. 5-HT causes a direct local constrictor effect as well as an increase in platelet aggregation, thereby encourages haemostasis. Haemostasis is a vital defence mechanism aimed at minimizing blood loss during injury. There are billions of living blood cells in human body that are floating in liquid called plasma. The plasma is a mixture of water, sugar, fat, protein, potassium, calcium salts and many other chemicals that help for clotting when necessary to stop bleeding. More than 92% of plasma is water. As the heart pumps blood to cells throughout the body, plasma brings nourishment to them and also removes the waste products of metabolism. The layers of blood cells can be seen under the microscope, once it is centrifuged. This machine spins the blood around so fast that it separates the red blood cells from the white blood cells and from platelets. In this process the red blood cells sink to the bottom as they are heavier and have more solid parts. Therefore the plasma remains right at the top, as it is lighter. (Genetic science learning centre, 2008) http://www.uwosh.edu/med_tech/teaching/ElementaryHemeWeb/LEARN%20ABOUT%20RBCS%20AND%20PLTS.htm When clotted blood is centrifuged to separate the cellular components a fluid is formed, called serum. The difference between plasma and serum is that the latter lacks fibrinogen and some of the coagulation factors. Fibrinogen is an important blood protein made in the liver and it is involved in clotting. Fibrinogen is transformed into fibrin by an enzyme called thrombin. And this enzyme is essential to coagulation. Coagulation is to prevent excessive blood loss. A clot is composed of two elements, which are platelets and fibrin. Blood coagulation takes place due to the sequential conversion of series of inactive proteins into catalytically active protease enzymes. Anticoagulants correspond to important therapeutic agents in the management of thromboembolic disease. (Blann, 2007; Lewis, 2006). http://faculty.ccri.edu/kamontgomery/physiology%20blood.htm The main purpose of the Haematology Laboratory is to provide assistance in the diagnosis, monitoring and treatment of patients. To accomplish this, the components of the blood are analysed. This is almost always achieved in custom-designed equipment. All the blood tubes and forms must be fully labelled to avoid any possible fatal error. Caution needs to be taken when dealing with the blood samples and all laboratory rules must be applied. Red blood cells contain a special protein called Haemoglobin (Hb), which is responsible for making red blood cells red. Hb is a protein that is premeditated to carry oxygen from the lungs to the tissues; this is where the oxygen is given up to take part in respiration. The standard range of Hb in blood differs between sexual categories. Hb values for women are lower due to menstruating and higher for men. But even when the women are in post-menopausal period, the Hb levels are still lower than age-matched men. This is because the latter produce testosterone to stimulate red cell production. ‘’ The red blood cell count (RCC): Normal range in men 4.32 to 5.66x 1012/L, in women 3.88 to 4.99?1012/L.’’ (Blann, 2007. p.8). The amount of Hb in blood could be measured in following conversion to azidmethaemoglobin by the addition of sodium nitrate and sodium azide. This is a method employed by one portable haemoglobinometer (HemoCue, Clandon Scientific Ltd.)- This instrument only measures Hb. It takes up measurements at two wavelengths, which are 570nm and 880nm to compensation for turbidity. The reading of the haemoglobin content of the sample is measured in gram/litre blood. A modification of this instrument permits accurate measurements down to 0.1 g/L so that it is also suitable for measurement of dilute solutions of haemoglobin, e.g. haemoglobin in fluid salvaged during surgery, plasma or urine. (Bain, 2002, p. 18). Haematocrit is known as packed cell volume (PVC) or Hct, Crit. This is a count to calculate the whole blood that is taken up by all the blood cells. Haematocrit is measured in percentage and can be converted to SI units by diving into 100. You read "Study of Hematology and Blood" in category "Essay examples" The red blood cell indices are mean cell volume (MCV), mean cell haemoglobin (MCH) and mean cell haemoglobin concentration (MCHC). MCV is the size of the average (mean) red blood cell. MCV can be calculated by; PCV?RCC. MCH reports the average amount (mass) of haemoglobin in the average cell. The size of the cell is not taken into account. MCH can be calculated by; Hb?RCC. MCHC is the average concentration of haemoglobin inside the average size cell. MCHC can be calculated by Hb?Hct. Aim is to study rat blood sample given to us. Therefore count the visible red blood cells under microscope at high power using Neubauer Chamber. Following this count of red blood cells calculations will be applied in which it will determine the haematology of the provided rat blood sample. MATERIALS METHODS Method carried out is exactly the same as in the practical schedule. The practical booklet is called ‘Level 1, Biosciences Programme; Human Physiology, 1LFS0029 ’. The practical carried out is on pp. 29-32 and called HP6- Haematology’. No amendments have been made. RESULTS Table 1: Comparing the values obtained from rat blood samples to the rat reference ranges Parameter Values obtained from rat blood samplesReference ranges for rats Difference between the standard and obtained results Red blood cell count (RBC/RCC)8.64?1012/l6.76-9.75?10/lWithin the range Determination of haemoglobin (Hb)178 g/l115-161 g/lHigher by 17g/l of the maximum range value Haematocrit (Hct/PVC)0.49 l/l0.38-0.51l/lWithin the range Mean cell volume (MCV)57 fl69-85 flLower by 12 fl of the minimum range value Mean cell haemoglobin (MCH)20.6 pg24-30 pgLower by 3.4 pg of the minimum range value Mean cell haemoglobin concentration (MCHC)363.27 g/l320-360 g/lHigher by 3.27 g/l of the maximum range value Table 1 is showing values that have been gained from rat blood sample during the experiment and comparing it with the rat reference range. The difference has been recorded above (Table 1). The standard values and all the units are included in the table. As seen in Table 1; some values obtained are not within the rat reference range. These values will be discussed in the discussion. To obtain red blood cell indices (MCV, MCH and MCHC), series of calculations have been made; these calculations are shown step by step in the calculations section. Reference range values were taken from ‘Haematology Proforma’ booklet given during the experiment. Table 2: Comparing the values obtained for rat blood samples to human (female and male) reference ranges. ParameterValues obtained from rats blood samplesReference ranges for male (with the units)Difference between the standard and obtained resultsReference ranges for female (with the units)Difference between the standard and obtained results Red blood cell count (RBC/RCC)8.64?1012/l3.5-6.0?10/lHigher by 2.64?1012/l of the maximum range value3.5-5.5?10/lHigher by 3.14?10/l of the maximum range value Determination of haemoglobin (Hb)178 g/l135-180 g/lWithin the range115-165 g/lHigher by 13g/l of the maximum range value Haematocrit (Hct/PVC)0.49 l/l0.35-0.55 l/lWithin the range0.3-0.5 l/lWithin the range Mean cell volume (MCV)57 fl80-96 flLower by 23 fl of the minimum range value80-96 flLower by 23 fl of the minimum range value Mean cell haemoglobin (MCH)20.6 pg27-32 pgLower by 6.4 pg of the minimum range value27-32 pgLower by 6.4 pg of the minimum range value Mean cell haemoglobin concentration (MCHC)363.27 g/l320-360 g/lHigher by 3.27 g/l of the maximum range value320-360 g/lHigher by 3.27 g/l of the maximum range value Table 2 is showing values that have been gained from rat blood sample during the experiment and comparing it with the human (male and female) reference range. The difference has been recorded above (Table 2). The standard values and all the units are included in the table. As seen in Table 2; some values obtained are not within the rat reference range; this was expected as these values are compared to the human reference range values. Values are different between sexual categories, apart from the values for red blood cell indices (MCV, MCH and MCHC). These values will be discussed in the discussion. To obtain red blood cell indices (MCV, MCH and MCHC), series of calculations have been made; these calculations are shown step by step in the calculations section. Reference range values were taken from ‘Haematology Proforma’ booklet given during the experiment. Calculations Red cell count (RCC) The number of erythrocytes counted in 80 small sequences on the Neubauer haemocytometer is 864. Multiplying this value by 1010 will give the number of erythrocytes in one litre of blood: 864?1010 = 8.64x 1012 /l This RCC value is higher than an average value of standard human haematological indices. The standard value of human haematological indices for male is 3.5-6.0?1012/l and for female is 3.5-5.5?1012. The RCC value is within the average value for standard rat haematological indices. The standard value of rat haematological indices is 6.76-9.75?1012/l. Haematocrit (PCV) The percentage of a blood sample occupied by erythrocytes after centrifugation in a capillary tube is 49%. Hct= (distance of red blood cell collected in the centrifuge tube ? distance of total blood composition) x 100 This value can be converted into SI units, dividing by 100: 49(%) ? 100= 0.49 l/ The PVC value is within the normal range of value for human males and females. The standard value of PVC for male is 0.35-0.55 l/l and for female is 0.30-0.50 l/l. The PVC value is also within the normal range of values for rats. The standard value of PVC for rat is 0.38-0.51 l/l. Haemoglobin (Hb) content of a blood sample using ‘Hemocue’ haemoglobinmeter The recorded Hb content is 178 g/l of blood. The value recorded for Hb content of blood is within the standard value for human blood. The standard value of Hb content for human blood for male is 135-180g/l and for female is 115/165g/l. The value recorded for Hb content of blood is above the standard value for rats. The standard value of Hb content for rat blood is 115-161g/l. Mean Cell Volume (MCV) MCV = PCV?RCC = n x1012 x1000= y x1015 MCV is in 1015 so therefore this value needs to be multiplied by 1000. 0.49?8.64= 0.057?1012 0.057?1000=57 x1015 MCV= 57fl The MCV value is lower than the normal range of values for human males and females. The standard values of MCV for human male and female are 80-96fl. The MCV value is lower than the normal range of values for rats. The standard value of MCV for rats is 69-85fl. Mean Cell Haemoglobin (MCH) MCH= Hb?RCC 178?8.64= 20.60pg (2d.p.) MCH= 20.6 pg The MCH value is lower than the normal range of values for human male and females. The standard value of MCH for human male and female are 27-32pg. The MCH value is lower than the normal range of values for rats. The standard value of MCH for rats is 24-30pg. Mean Corpuscular Haemoglobin Concentration (MCHC) MCHC= Hb?Hct 178?0.49= 363.27g/l (2d.p.) MCHC= 363.27 g/l The MCHC value is higher than the normal range of values for human male and female. The standard value of MCHC for human male and female are 320-360g/l. The MCHC value is higher than the normal range of values for rats. The standard value of MCHC for rats is 320-360g/l. DISCUSSIO The value obtained from rat blood sample for red cell count (RCC) is within the range in rat reference range. The value obtained for Hb is 8.64?1012/l. When this value is compared to the human reference range, it is higher. RCC differs between the sexual categories, reference range for human male is between 3.5-6.0?1012/l and for human female is 3.5-5.5?1012/l. So therefore the RCC value obtained for rat blood sample is closer to the human male reference range than female reference range. The standard RCC of rat blood is much higher than human’s standard RCC. So the results obtained for RCC is accurate. The value obtained from rat blood sample for determination of haemoglobin (Hb) is higher than the expected value. The value obtained for Hb is 178 g/l/. So therefore the obtained value is 17g/l higher than the maximum reference range for rats. This could be because of an operator error whilst filling round the chamber, or while removing the excess blood and place in haemoglobinmeter. The other source of error could be rat blood sample used. It might have had different Hb values from the rest. When this value is compared to the reference range of human values, noticed that obtained values are closer to the standard Hb of human values. Hb values differ between sexual categories; reference range for human male is between 135-180 g/l and for human female is115-165 g/l. So therefore the values obtained from rat blood sample are within the range in reference range value of human male and for female it is 13 g/l higher from the maximum reference range of female. The value obtained from rat blood sample for determination of haematocrit (PVC) is within the range in rat reference range. The value obtained for PVC is 0.49 l/l. This value has been converted to SI units from the percentage number. It has been converted by dividing the percentage number into 100. This value is also compared with the human reference range, both for male and female. The reference range value for human male is 0.35-0.55 l/l and for human female is 0.3-0.5 l/l. the value obtained for PVC from rat blood sample is within the range of human male and female reference range a value. Mean cell volume (MCV) value is obtained by the values already obtained for PCV and RCC. So therefore MCV value varies due to these values. The value obtained from rat blood sample for MCV is lower by 12fl of the minimum range value. The value obtained for MCV is 57fl; this value has been gained after a series of calculations. The value of MCV is lower than the reference range for rats (69-85fl). This could be because the PVC value obtained is lower than the expected or the RCC value is bigger than the expected value. As the RCC value increases the MCV value decreases and as PCV increases the MCV value increases. When the value obtained from rat blood sample for MCV is compared to the reference range of human values (in this case the values are the same for male and female), it is lower by 23fl from the minimum value. Mean cell haemoglobin (MCH) value is obtained by the values already obtained for Hb and RCC. So therefore MCH value varies due to these values. The value obtained from rat blood sample for MCH is lower by 3.4pg of the minimum range value. The value obtained for MCH is 20.6pg, where as the reference range value for rat is 24-30pg. This could have been because the Hb value obtained is low for the calculation, but the Hb value is already higher than the reference range value. And RCC is within the range so the expected value for MCH was higher than the reference range. This inaccurate value could be a result of the RCC value being close to the maximum value. If this value was a bit lower, the MCH value would be in the range or closer to the reference range of rat. When the value obtained from rat blood sample for MCHC is compared to the reference range of human values (in this case male and female values are the same), it is lower by 6.4pg of the minimum range value. Mean cell haemoglobin concentration (MCHC) value is obtained by the values already obtained for Hb and Hct. So therefore MCHC value varies due to these values. The reference range numbers for rat and human (male and female) values are all the same with each other. The value obtained from rat blood sample for MCHC is lower by 3.27 g/l of the maximum range value (for human and rat). As the Hb value increase, the MCHC values increases too and as the Hct value increases, the MCHC value decreases. Hct value is already within the range, so therefore Hb value is the in accurate result. Hb value needs to be the nearest to the maximum value, so that the MCHC value would be in the range. The values calculated for red blood cell indices (MCV, MCH and MCHC) from rat blood sample are not within the range. So this means that the results obtained are not accurate. The values obtained for RCC and PVC/Hct from rat blood sample is within the range of rat reference range. But Hb value is higher than the maximum range value. This could be because of an operator error in poor pipetting technique or poor counting technique Strong dilution of sample could result in inadequate results. As seen on the Table1 RCC and PVC/Hct values are very close to the maximum of reference range value, and Hb value is higher than the maximum of reference range value. So therefore the sample might not have been diluted properly, take for granted that the sample was stronger than how it should have been. REFERENCES Blann, A. (2007). Routine blood results explained. (2nd Ed.). Birmingham: MK. Bain, B.J. (2002). Blood cells; a practical guide. (3rd Ed.). London: Blackwell. Genetic science learning centre. (2008). What is blood: blood is made up of four components. Retrieved January 24, 2008, from http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/units/basics/blood/blood.cfm. Lewis, S.M., Bain, B.J. Bates, I. (2006). Dacie and Lewis practical haematology. (10th Ed.). In Vulliamy, T., Kaeda, J. (Ed.), Molecular and cytogenetic analysis. (p. 564) London: Elsevier Ltd. Appelt, G.D. Appelt, J.M. (1988). Therapeutic pharmacology. Philadelphia: Lea Febiger. Brody, T.M., Larner, J. Minneman, K.P. (1998). Human pharmacology, molecular to clinical. (3rd Ed.). Missouri: Mosby. O’Neil, D. (2007). Blood components. Retrieved January 28, 2008, from http://anthro.palomar.edu/blood/blood_components.htm. Hughes-Jones, N.C., Wickramasinghe, S.N. Hatton, C. (2004). Haematology. (7th Ed.). Oxford: Blackwell. Grahame-Smith, D.G. Aronson, J.K. (2002). Clinical pharmacology and drug therapy. (3rd Ed.). Oxford: Oxford press. Saeb-parsy, K., assomull, R.G., Khan, F.Z., Saeb-Parsy, K. Kelly, E. (1999). Instant pharmacology. West Sussex: John Wiley and Sons Ltd. Hoffbrand, A.V. Pettit, J.E. (1993). Essential haematology. (3rd Ed.). Oxford: Blackwell. Hoffman, R., Benz, E.J., Shattil, S.J., Furie, B., Cohen, H.J., Silberstein, L.E., et al. (2005). Haematology, basic principles and practice. (4th Ed.). In Felgar R.E. Ryan D.H. (Ed.), Automated analysis of blood cells. (pp. 2673-2678) Pennsylvania: Elsevier. American Association for Clinical Chemistry, (2004). Hematocrit. Retrieved January 28, 2008, from http://www.labtestsonline.org/understanding/analytes/hematocrit/test.html. Fullick, A., (1994). Biology. Oxford: Heinemann. How to cite Study of Hematology and Blood, Essay examples

International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management

Question: Describe about the International Journal of Retail Distribution Management? Answer: Introduction: Zhang (2012) stated that supply chain activities in retail organization impact on the quality of products and services. Ralston et al. (2013) opines that business growth of an organization which work in retail market depends on the effectiveness of its supply chain model. The supply chain management can be considered as the combination of several sub processes including receiving products from suppliers, transporting to distribution center, storing and handling materials and delivering final product to customer (Schonsleben, 2012). Pienaar and Vogt (2012) stated that each activities in supply chain management impacts differently on each stakeholder of the organization. However, Myerson (2012) suggested that different organizations develop different supply chain models according to their requirement. Although the organizations in retail sector uses different models for executing their activities in logistics operation, all these activities aim to improve common performance objectives such as quality of product, service delivery time, speed of delivery , cost of product and flexibility of handling products (Rutner et al , 2012). The current assignment deals with analysis of the supply chain management system used by Tesco. Tesco is one of the largest retailers in UK (Tesco.com, 2015). However the organization operates in other European and Asian countries also. The retail network of Tesco can be considered as one of the largest retail networks. The organization modified their supply chain management activities several times for meeting the requirements of stakeholders. However in this a assignment continuous replenishment model of supply chain is discussed. Supply chain activities of Tesco: Tesco management implemented continuous replenishment model of supply chain in 1999. This continuous replenishment approach uses a flow system for collecting data regarding stock of products (Zhang, 2012). On other hand implementation of this new system enabled the management of Tesco to send daily orders to suppliers (Zhuang, 2014). Figure 1: Supply chain activities in Tesco Inbound Logistics: Receiving orders from suppliers and storing at depots: The task of receiving orders from suppliers can be considered as combination of three separate tasks- In store management, management of retail network and cross docking. Tasks Quality Speed Dependability Flexibility Cost In store management Improves as products are not stored for long time Speed of delivery to customer increases as products are ordered before running out Dependability improves as products are always available Mix flexibility improves as stuck is always maintained Volume and delivery flexibility increases as availability of products increases Cost of operating reduces as all activities are pre planned Network management Improves as separate storage systems are used on basis of product category Speed of delivery to customer increases as new storage locations are added with existing network Availability of products improves due as storage capacity improves Product , volume and delivery flexibility improves as availability increases Cost of operation decreases as efficiency of storage system improves. Implementation of flow through activities Quality of products improves as time of storing reduces Speed of delivery increase as finished products are received Dependability improves due to increase in product availability Volume and delivery flexibility improves as products become available in less time Cost reduces as storage time reduces Receiving products from supplies and performance objectives Table 1 reflects how performance objectives are met by the activities in storage process of Tesco. In store management: Retail store managers of Tesco regularly analyses data on buying behavior of customers. Apart from this the managers also analyze the capacity of a store for developing stock of products. According to Klug (2014) analyzing the capacity of store is important to maintain quality of stored products. As Tesco operates in different country across world capacity of all stores is not same. On other hand, nature of customers also varies greatly at different countries. However managers of each store in the retail network of Tesco separately determines the buying nature of customers and storage capacity. On basis of their findings, they send orders to the suppliers daily. Network management: Management of Tesco continuously adds new locations for increasing efficiency of the storage activities. Addition of new sites in existing network enables the management to increase their storage capacity regularly. However the management also focuses in increasing the number of frozen centers for storing frozen parts of composite elements separately Regional centers of Tesco also contains cross docking facility for improving the storage system for refrigerated materials. Implementation of flow through activities: Tesco management uses flow through approach for reducing the complexity in storage system. Manager of the organization prefers to get finished products from suppliers. As the organizations receive finished products, these can be placed in stores immediately after receiving (Grant, 2012). Performance objectives: Analysis on the tasks conducted by Tesco for storing products indicates that this approach of Tesco management is effective for improving quality of products. As the management determines daily requirements of products, stock never runs out. Apart from this as managent send orders according to the capacity of a store products do not required being stored for a long time. On other hand analyzing requirements daily ensures that availability of product is always high (Fatieiev and Zaporozhets, 2014). It also ensures that the requirements of customers can be met even if the demand for a product rises certainly (Forslund, 2014). The activities for network management lead to increase in storage capacity. As these activities enable management to store different products in different locations on basis of product nature, quality improves. On other hand, increase in storage capacity makes the products more available. As a result, dependability, flexibility and speed of delivery also improve. Use of separate storage systems and increasing storage capacity may increase the cost of operation initially (Crocker et al., 2012). However it reduces later as the storage system becomes more effective. Primary distribution: Task Quality Speed Dependability Flexibility Cost Sharing information with supplier Does not impact on quality directly Increases speed of delivery as availability of products increases Ensures uninterrupted flow of products as suppliers understand requirements of customers Mix, product and delivery flexibility increases as the flow of product becomes uninterrupted Cost reduces as suppliers can understand requirement for any product using shared system Collection of products from suppliers Use of advanced infrastructure makes product handling process easier Indirectly increase speed of delivery to customer Does not impact on dependability directly Does not impact on flexibility directly Cost of operation reduces due to efficient use of delivery vehicles Table 2: Primary distribution and performance objectives Table 2 describes the tasks related with primary distribution in Tesco and the performance objectives met by these tasks. Performance objectives: Tasks in the primary distribution phase deals with sharing information with suppliers and collecting products from the depots (Cowles, 2012). The tasks mainly focus on increasing availability of products and reducing cost of operation. Tesco management uses a shared system so that their suppliers also can get sufficient information regarding the nature of customers. It enables the management of Tesco to make the supply of products uninterrupted. Tesco management implemented innovation in the process of collecting products from suppliers also. The products from suppliers are collected by vehicles when they return after delivering any product to customer. Efficient use of transportation infrastructure makes the primary distribution process of Tesco cost effective. Analysis on the tasks related with inbound logistics indicates that the quality of products is focused more while conducting the tasks related with inbound logistics. However speed of delivery, dependability and flexibility of products also depends on the tasks conducted at this phase. Operations: management of retail stores: The tasks related with retail store operations in deals with store layout planning utilization of available spaces, taking orders from customers and managing employees (Bouzaabia et al., 2013). Initially the organization used fresh and easy operating model. However the model was modified gradually and currently Tesco management uses group operating model. The management uses automated system for taking orders from customers; Apart from this floor planning activities of Tesco enable the organization to optimize the utilization of available spaces in a store. Store planning of Tesco management also ensures that the flow of process becomes less complex. It is also ensured that the employees are being provided with comfortable workplace. Task Quality Speed Dependability Flexibility Cost Floor Planning Reduces complexity of product handling and thus quality if product improves Complexity reduces inn process flow and thus the speed of delivery increases Effective display strategy increase visibility of products Product /service flexibility increases due to efficient floor designing Cost of operation reduces as flow if process becomes simpler Automated ordering Does not impact on quality directly Speed of delivery increases Availability of products increases Mix , Product/service, delivery flexibility improves Cost of operation reduces Labor scheduling Quality improves as handling products improves Speed is delivery increases as efficiency of staffs increase Does not impact on dependability directly Product/service flexibility improves with increasing efficiency of staffs Cost of operation reduces due to effective use of available staffs Table 3: Store management and performance objectives Performance objectives: Table 3 describes how the performance objectives are met in retail store management process of Tesco. Analysis on the store management related activities in Tesco indicates that the managers focus on increasing speed of delivery and flexibility while planning for these tasks. However successful execution of operational tasks also leads to improvement of quality and reduction in operational cost as the complexity in store management reduces. Outbound Logistics: Product Delivery to customer: Products in Tesco are delivered to customers in two ways. Customers can visit the stores and can by their products. Apart from thus Tesco management also provides the customers with opportunities for making online purchases. Tesco management uses delivery vans for sending the products to customers within time. Apart from this, Tesco charges a minimum amount for making home deliveries. Task Quality Speed Dependability Flexibility Cost Using Delivery vans Improves Increases Increases Increases Reduces Table 4: Outbound logistics and performance objectives Performance objectives: Table 4 describes how the performance objectives are met in retail store management process of Tesco. Analysis on the tasks related with outbound logistics related tasks in Tesco indicates that management of the organization focuses on increasing speed of delivery and reducing cost of while making strategies for these tasks. However use of advanced transportation infrastructure improves quality of products which are being delivered. As the management provides customers with opportunities for online shopping and home delivery of products, service flexibility increases significantly. Recommendations for Tesco: Although the continuous replenishment model of Tesco is effective for conducting the activities related with logistics management, the current model can be improved. In this assignment some recommendations are made for Tesco Plc for improving their logistic management system. Using alternative energy sources in store: The nature of customers is changing across the world .Apart from this the Governments of different countries are also developing stricter policies for reducing environmental pollution. A Tesco operates in international retail market; changes in Government policy in any country can affect its business growth. However Tesco management should focus on making environment friendly stores. Management of the organization should use alternative energy sources for avoiding the chances of interruption in business process due to strict environmental policies. However it will also enable the management to reduce cost of running stores. Outsourcing non-core activities: Currently the managers of Tesco are responsible for handling data regarding sticks and requirements of products. The organization should engage other companies with the database management process to improve efficiency. It will also lead to reduction in operational costs of stores. Conclusion: Analysis made in the current assignment indicates that the existing logistics management system of Tesco is capable for increasing business growth of the organization. However the system requires being improved as the nature of customers is changing worldwide. Some recommendations are made in this assignment so that Tesco Plc improving their logistic management system. Tesco management requires focusing on making environment friendly stores. The organization also can engage other companies with the database management process for improving efficiency. References Bouzaabia, R., Bouzaabia, O. and Capatina, A. (2013). Retail logistics service quality: a cross cultural survey on customer perceptions. International Journal of Retail Distribution Management, 41(8), pp.627-647. Cowles, J. (2012). Logistics management. Delhi: Orange Apple. Crocker, B., Jessop, D. and Morrison, A. (2012). Inbound logistics management. Harlow, England: Financial Times/Prentice Hall. Fatieiev, M. and Zaporozhets, I. (2014). Logistics management in shipbuilding cluster systems. Collection of Scientific Publications NUS, 0(3). Forslund, H. (2014). Exploring logistics performance management in supplier/retailer dyads. International Journal of Retail Distribution Management, 42(3), pp.205-218. Grant, D. (2012). Logistics management. Harlow: Pearson Education Ltd. Klug, F. (2014). Logistics implications of electric car manufacturing. IJSOM, 17(3), p.350. Myerson, P. (2012). Lean supply chain and logistics management. New York: McGraw-Hill. Pienaar, W. and Vogt, J. (2012). Business logistics management. Cape Town: Oxford University Press. Ralston, P., Grawe, S. and Daugherty, P. (2013). Logistics salience impact on logistics capabilities and performance. The International Journal of Logistics Management, 24(2), pp.136-152. Rutner, S., Aviles, M. and Cox, S. (2012). Logistics evolution: a comparison of military and commercial logistics thought. The International Journal of Logistics Management, 23(1), pp.96-118. Sandberg, E. (2013). Understanding logistics based competition in retail a business model approach. International Journal of Retail Distribution Management, 41(3), pp.176-188. Schonsleben, P. (2012). Integral logistics management. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. Tesco.com, (2015). Tesco.com - online shopping; bringing the supermarket to you - Every little helps. [online] Available at: https://www.tesco.com/ [Accessed 16 Mar. 2015]. Zhang, J. (2012). ICLEM 2012. Reston, Va.: American Society of Civil Engineers. Zhuang, Z. (2014). Inventory Information Management of Logistics Supply Chain. AMR, 989-994, pp.5453-5456.